References

• Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(16), 4296–4301. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113
• Jetty, A., Jabbarpour, Y., Pollack, J., Huerto, R., Woo, S., & Petterson, S. (2022). Patient-Physician Racial Concordance Associated with Improved Healthcare Use and Lower Healthcare Expenditures in Minority Populations. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 9(1), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00930-4
• Gunja, M. Z., Gumas, E. D., Masitha, R., & Zephyrin, L. C. (2024). Insights into the U.S. maternal mortality crisis: An international comparison. Commonwealth Fund. https://doi.org/10.26099/cthn-st75
• Hoyert, D. L. (2025). Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2023. In NCHS Health E Stats. National Center for Health Statistics (US). https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc/174577