References

• NARM Training Institute. (n.d.). What is NARM? https://narmtraining.com/what-is-narm/
• Heller, L., & Niederwieser, S. K. (2026). Healing shame and guilt: The developmental roots of chronic shame and guilt and how the NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM) can help you heal and reconnect. North Atlantic Books
• López-Castro, T., Saraiya, T., Zumberg-Smith, K., & Dambreville, N. (2019). Association between shame and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22411
• Shi, C., Ren, Z., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., & Chan, S. H. W. (2021). Shame, guilt, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A three-level meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 82, 102443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102443
• Taylor, T. F. (2022). The influence of shame on posttrauma disorders: Have we failed to see the obvious? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2070955. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2070955
• Winders, S.-J., Murphy, O., Looney, K., & O’Reilly, G. (2020). Self-compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(3), 300–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2429