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The Hidden Dangers of Kratom

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References

References

  • Striley, C. W. (2022). Health effects associated with kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and polysubstance use: A narrative review. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 16, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/11782218221107445
  • U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2025, July 29). 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH): An assessment of the scientific data and toxicological concerns around an emerging opioid threat [PDF]. https://www.fda.gov/
  • Heywood, J., Smallets, S., & Paustenbach, D. (2024). Beneficial and adverse health effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A critical review of the literature. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 192, Article 114913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2024.114913
  • Stanciu, C., Ahmed, S., Gnanasegaram, S., Gibson, S., Penders, T., Grundmann, O., & McCurdy, C. (2022). Kratom as an opioid alternative: harm, or harm reduction? A systematic review of literature. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 48(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2022.2111685