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Kratom Today: Toxicology, Emerging Preparations, and Clinical Implications

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References

References

  • Papsun, D. M., Chan-Hosokawa, A., Friederich, L., [additional authors]. (2019). The trouble with kratom: Analytical and interpretative issues involving mitragynine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 43, 227–235.
  • Lydecker, A. G., Sharma, A., McCurdy, C. R., [additional authors]. (2016). Suspected adulteration of commercial kratom products with 7-hydroxymitragynine. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 12, 341–349.
  • Krotulski A, Denn M, Brower JD, et al. (2025) Evaluation of commercially available smoke shop products marketed as “7-hydroxy mitragynine” & related alkaloids. NPS Discovery. https://www.cfsre.org/images/content/ reports/public alerts/7-Hydroxy_Mitragynine_NPS_Discovery_033125.pdf (Accessed 2 January 2026)
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Import Alert 54-15. 2016. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/impor talert_1137.html (Accessed 2 January 2026
  • Gour, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Henderson, A., et al. (2025). From kratom to semi-synthetic opioids: The rise and risks of MGM-15. Drug Testing and Analysis, xx(x), 1–6.
  • Papsun, D. M., Schroeder, W., Brower, J., et al. (2023). Forensic implications of kratom: Kratom toxicity, correlation with mitragynine concentrations, and polypharmacy. Current Addiction Reports, 10(2), 272–281.